Why Privacy Matters So If You Have Nothing - 935 Words

In support of privacy, Daniel J. Solove wrote, Why Privacy Matters Even If You Have ‘Nothing to Hide.’ Solove begins his argument by introducing the nothing-to-hide argument. In general, the argument for surveillance is ‘if you’ve got nothing to hide, you’ve got nothing to fear:’ hence people’s support for government efforts and regulations to ‘protect’ citizens by decreasing privacy. Those who object this argument target its most extreme cases. For example, if you have nothing to hide, could I take a nude picture of you, own all entitlements to the photo, and share it with anyone? Absolutely not, most would say, but this objection is not exceptionally compelling according to Solove. In order to understand privacy, we must not reduce it to one single definition. Privacy is extremely complex and involves a range of different things that share common characteristics. For instance, one’s privacy can be invaded by the exp ose of your innermost secrets, but it may also be invaded if a peeping Tom (without the reveal of any secrets) is observing you. Your privacy may also be invaded if the government seeks extensive information about you. All of these examples cause harm related to an invasion of privacy, thus making the definition of privacy not applicable for a â€Å"one size fits all† conclusion. The underlying and most significant harm that comes from surveillance is the problem of information processing. Solove uses The Trial example to demonstrate this effect. Here, theShow MoreRelatedWhy Privacy Matters So If You Have Nothing?1291 Words   |  6 PagesPrivacy Matters Imagine someone living in a country that turns surveillance equipment on its own citizens to monitor their locations, behavior, and phone calls. Probably no one is willing to live in such place where privacy is being undermined by the authorities. For people living in the U.S., their private information has been more vulnerable than ever before because the government is able to use various kinds of surveillance equipment and technology to monitor and analyze their activities, conversationsRead MoreShould Privacy Be Legal?1296 Words   |  6 PagesCitizens Online Privacy The question about the government having access to the citizens personal data produced is very controversial. Some people agree that â€Å"if you’ve got nothing to hide, you’ve got nothing to fear†, while others contend that this issue is invading our privacy and violating two different amendments (Solove). What is at stake is not fear of people knowing what we buy or look up, but rather the government having the power to invade our privacy and not needing to notify us. I believeRead MoreThe Demolition of Privacy Rights800 Words   |  4 Pages The Demolition of Privacy Rights Civil liberties is a term coined by the United States that guarantees certain rights to the people by the Bill of Rights. Although the Right to Privacy is not officially enumerated into the Constitution, the Supreme Court ruled that citizens do in fact, have the right to their own privacy in their own home and their own beliefs. Privacy rights are an essential part of everyday American lives, in that everyone should be given the right to do whatever theyRead MoreFourth Amendment Protections And Denials1299 Words   |  6 PagesDenials Privacy is very important to some citizens, especially privacy in regards to personal and family matters. No one wants someone following and observing their every move, they also do not always enjoy the outside input of people who do not know their whole situations. The Fourth Amendment in the Constitution â€Å"protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures by the government† (What Does the Fourth Amendment Mean?). This has provided citizens with a way to protect their privacy and prohibitsRead MoreIs Privacy Possible in the Digital Age?1609 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy and security (Initial  essay) Introduction When I think back one of firsts times I thought knowingly about privacy and security in my life at category of every data being stored and maybe later analyzed it was back my previous student days when one of my friend refused to pay with bank card in Alco-store. At that time it seemed to me really paranoiac and weird, but now I get his idea behind it. If one is a gambler for instance, it really isn’t very smart to pay with credit card in gambling-denRead MoreHow Technology Can Protect Privacy?1289 Words   |  6 Pageseverything is saved electronically. It’s very helpful and convenient to have all of your personal information available to you all the time and being able to talk to anybody no matter where they are. But being able to do all these things so easily comes with a price, your privacy. Everything that you save on your computer, tablet, Ipad, and etc is now available to the government whether you know it or not. Every private thing that you do electronically can be invaded by the government without your consentRead MoreUS Government and Cell Phone Privacy Essay1580 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Police being able to search your phone without is warrant is a violation of privacy and the fourth amendment. This is an ongoing issue that is currently in the Supreme Court and state courts, which have split opinions on the issue. The courts are having a lot of trouble grasping what to compare a cell phone to as far as searching it. A big case that they are comparing searching cell phones to is over 40 years old and it involves a police officer searching through a cigarette box andRead MoreWithout Consent Research Paper970 Words   |  4 PagesWithout Consent The bioethical issue this item presents is how the doctors should have talked to the family first before presenting any kind of footage out for the public to see. This demonstrates a bad sign for other networks that where thinking about having agreements that they have to consent first, because it will make other companies or producers think that it is ok to film while having no consent at all. This shows us how the generation and society of this day and age has changed overtimeRead MoreNSA Spying on USA Citizens Essay626 Words   |  3 PagesPrivacy is what allows people to feel secure in their surroundings. With privacy, one is allowed to withhold or distribute the information they want by choice, but the ability to have that choice is being violated in today’s society. Benjamin Franklin once said, â€Å"He who sacrifices freedom or liberty will eventually have neither.† And that’s the unfortunate truth that is and has occurred in recent years. Privacy, especially in such a fast paced moving world, is extremely vital yet is extremely violatedRead MoreThe Internet Is Good Or Bad?1074 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever walked in the street and someone says to you â€Å" Are you that guy? Why did go there? Are you a friend of that horrible guy? Why did you even go to that city? Etc,, †. Stopping for a minute wondering who this guy is. Asking yourself †have I met that guy before? Or even how has he/she known that thing about me. When the internet became available, we got all of the general public including some unsavoury characters that didn t have your best interests at heart, so we got a lot of bad

Analysis Of The Article Living On The Border Essay

In its most basic definition, the U.S.-Mexico Border is a 2000-mile line that divides the United States and Mexico. However, those who spend their lives experiencing the concept of â€Å"the border,† acknowledge that the U.S.-Mexico Border is more than just a line. It’s an epicenter of; historical, political, social, economic, and cultural affairs that influence people on both countries. In this essay, I will be discussing the endogeneity effect between the border and its people and how I influence this phenomenon. Historically speaking, the endogeneity effect between the border and its people began in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo and it wasn’t until the Gadsden Purchase of 1854 that gave the border its current form. In the article entitled Living on the Border: A Wound That Will Not Heal, the author, Norma E. Cantu states that â€Å"the pain and joy of the borderlands —come from a wound that will not heal and yet is forever healing.â₠¬  Said quote summarizes Cantu’s observations that were influenced by the creation of the U.S.- Mexico border. One of most talked about issues to those who live in on the U.S.-Mexico Border is the economy. The economic relationship between the United States and Mexico began in the colonial era, but it was not formalized and strengthen until the North American Free Trade Agreement was enacted and ratified by both countries, with the addition of Canada, in 1993. Mexican government â€Å"made it clear that the enhancement of foreign directShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Binge Drinking On The United States Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagesdrinking (CDC, 2015). This constitutes one in six adults reporting binge drinking four times a month (CDC, 2016). Compared to overall U.S. statistics, studies have shown that residents of the U.S. Mexico border have â€Å"higher annual levels of drinking and alcohol-related problems on the U.S. side of the border† typically amongst the you nger population (Caetano and Mills, 2016). This is a problem because binge drinking is related to three quarters of potential life lost in the U.S. (CDC, 2015). EconomicallyRead MoreHegemonic Hypocrisy: A Victim of Social Scriptorium1168 Words   |  5 Pagesstandpoint, she does not mention the issue of racial hygiene, class, geographic divisions, and gender. Passages from Guenter Lewy, Melissa Wright, and Philippe Bourgois will be used to discuss the way in which different positionalities might affect the analysis of â€Å"Dislocated Identities.† In â€Å"Dislocated Identities,† Dr. Shohat tells of the reification of identity categories. Identity categories are hypothetical construct falsely manifested as something concrete where communities are neatly bounded. DespiteRead MoreThe Key Term Of Purchasing Parity Power1591 Words   |  7 Pagesvalidity of the variables used to calculate PPP and provides examples of ways to restructure the variables for certain business processes. Ultimately, it is a term and algorithm in which global business leaders should be well-versed to conduct cross-border project management and develop effective strategic business decisions. Key term and Interest Purchasing power parity (PPP) interests me because of the vast implications at every level of business. Not only does it serve as an indicator for globalRead MoreDomestic Unrest And Jennifer Johnston s Fiction Of The Irish Trouble1118 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Railway Station Man, Helen â€Å"is less interested in protesting political involvement than she is in escaping it entirely (6). It is because of this that Helen is unlike many mother, she does not â€Å"force her son to owe her anything† (9). This analysis differs from the one that will be examined in this paper because, while the mother is an important figure, she does not appear in Fool’s Sanctuary as an active character; she only appears through the words of the characters as they remember how sheRead MoreSocial And Academic Performance Of Undocumented Mexican Women Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesI. Definition of Project For my research, I propose a literature analysis of feelings of guilt, anxiety and sense of separation from social inclusion and the family of undocumented Mexican women in contemporary period. In my research I plan to address the following questions: What propels guilt, anxiety and sense of separation in undocumented Mexican women, specially undocumented female Mexican students? How does intersectionalities and the Critical Race Theory play a role to address this issuesRead MoreEssay about Implication of Border Security and Photography1251 Words   |  6 Pagescreated emotion response, or as propaganda. Furthermore, Border security, created to aim to protect and conserve countries. In a political sense raised concerns due to events of the time. The advancement and development in technologies have had a direct correlation with political development, in areas such as border security and photography. This essay argues that from the early to the late 20th century, photography has both impacted society and border security, which have raised concerns during the timeRead MoreThe Economic Impact Of Illegal Immigration1603 Words   |  7 Pagesstate and national economies. An accepted idea is that most of the illegal immigrants cross the Mexico-US border, therefore most of the illegal immigrants should be Mexicans or from South America. Is this true? Are there official numbers confirming this impression? Another relevant question is if the illegal immigrants leave their countries with the only intention of work and make a decent living, or they have other intentions coming to America? If millions of people want to work then it is undeniableRead MoreMedia Reaction to Immigration1471 Words   |  6 Pagesand reaction in the recent past including an article written by William Finnegan and published by The New Yorker. The article focuses on addressing the issue of borderlines and is based on the move by 17 Congress members, who wrote a letter on 28th April 2010 demanding an instant action from President Obama to enhance border security. While the increase in illegal immigration has declined in the recent past, there is still a great need to enhance border security, particularly in the as violence inRead MoreWomen s Traditional Cultural Values Of Gender Roles1333 Words   |  6 Pagesthreatening to hurt them or their loved ones if they attempt to escape or disobey. At the brothels, they will contract disease, get raped, and be forced to work tirelessly for fear of facing the wrath of their abductors. In this essay, a critical analysis will be conducted on Nepal’s traditional cultural values of gender roles. In this patriarchal society, favoring men over women may not just put women at a socioeconomic advantage, it could put women at an alarmingly high risk of being sold into prostitutionRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of El Pasos Perimeter Of Poverty1176 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis of El Paso’s Perimeter of Poverty Article El Paso’s Perimeter of Poverty In the areas of the colonias, people who live there deal with living in poverty. Think of the ghetto or the inner cities, it is like what the people, who live in the colonias, go through. Others would not think that the colonias suffers like third world countries until the article, El Paso’s Perimeter of Poverty, written by David Maraniss, speaks of the colonias area in the border of El Paso having

Investigation of Network Security Requirements and Their...

Overview Networks have become a vital part of almost every organization changing the way that business is conducted from day to day. In the early days of the computer era business men and women have had to use standalone machines that were partially interconnected or not interconnected at all. Since then computing has gone through various changes through a number of decades which has led to the complete integration of various computing devices and now professionals are able to share hardware and software resources without difficult which has led to the reduction of business costs and a higher level of productivity. For example instead of having to buy a printer for every department or office, an organization can simply use one networked printer which everyone in the organization has complete access to. Another cost reduction example is the ability for an organization to install software such as Microsoft project on a server and therefore, enabling every one that has access to the server to us e the resource. This saves the organization expenses as they don’t have to buy separate licenses for every user’s computer. However, this great development has led to a number of security threats and challenges in the organization from outsiders through intrusions, once hackers identify a loop hole in the network they can be able to attack a firm and steal data to be used for of criminal activities including cyber vandalism, revealing trade secrets, industrial espionage etc. The goodShow MoreRelatedThe Application Of A Self Organizing Network ( Son )8393 Words   |  34 PagesAbstract A Self-Organizing Network (SON) is a compilation of functions (or actions) for the automatic design of communication nodes for optimized performance. Moreover, Self-Organizing Networks are computerized and optimized versions of cellular networks. Capital expenditure, also called CAPEX, is the cost of doing business to create a future advantage. Operational expenditure (OPEX) is the money that a business spends to transform stock into throughput. The self - organization is considered to beRead MoreCloud Computing Security67046 Words   |  269 PagesSECURITY GUIDANCE FOR CRITICAL AREAS OF FOCUS IN CLOUD COMPUTING V3.0 SECURITY GUIDANCE FOR CRITICAL AREAS OF FOCUS IN CLOUD COMPUTING V3.0 INTRODUCTION The guidance provided herein is the third version of the Cloud Security Alliance document, â€Å"Security Guidance for Critical Areas of Focus in Cloud Computing,† which was originally released in April 2009. The permanent archive locations for these documents are: http://www.cloudsecurityalliance.org/guidance/csaguide.v3.0.pdf (this document)Read MoreCognitiveradio and Networking Research at Virginia Tech23281 Words   |  94 Pagesto address the broad research agenda of cognitive radio and cognitive networks. Our core research team spans the protocol stack from radio and reconfigurable hardware to communications theory to the networking layer. Our work includes new analysis methods and the development of new software architectures and applications, in addition to work on the core concepts and architectures underlying cognitive radios and cognitive networks. This paper describes these contributions and points towards criticalRead MoreSdlc23489 Words   |  94 Pagesfor achi eving goals set; †¢ To discuss in detail various System Development Tools like – DFD, Decision Tree, Flowcharts etc.; and †¢ To understand the auditors’ role in SDLC. 2.1 Introduction Information systems serve many different purposes, ranging from the processing of business transactions - to provide information needed to decide recurring issues, assisting senior officials with difficult strategy formulation, and linking office information and corporate data. But how do suchRead MoreCissp Study Guide67657 Words   |  271 PagesISC CISSP ISC CISSP Certified Information Systems Security Professional Practice Test Version ISC CISSP: Practice Exam QUESTION NO: 1 All of the following are basic components of a security policy EXCEPT the A. definition of the issue and statement of relevant terms. B. statement of roles and responsibilities C. statement of applicability and compliance requirements. D. statement of performance of characteristics and requirements. Answer: D Explanation: Policies are considered the firstRead MoreCustomer Retention Strategies Used by Internet Service Providers in Kenya9467 Words   |  38 Pagesenvironment. Globalization has spearheaded the integration of the Kenyan economy with other world economies such that Kenya is now part of the global village. Grant (1998) outlines that though the primary purpose of strategy is to guide management decisions toward superior performance through establishing competitive advantage, strategy also acts as a vehicle for communication and coordination within the organization. According to Porter (2001), a firm can achieve a sustainable competitive advantage byRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management72324 Words   |  290 Pagesthe Vertical Integration of Our HR Strategy? What is Horizontal Integration? Bundling and Best Fit Resource Based View (RBV) What are the Benefits of Horizontal Integration? What Different Approaches Can Be Taken to Achieve Strategic Alignment? Putting Strategy into Practice Barriers to Implementation of HR Strategy The Alternatives to Strategic Human Resource Management Introduction What is High Performance Working? What is High Commitment Management? What is High Involvement Management? Which ModelRead MoreManaging the International Value Chain in the Automotive Indus try60457 Words   |  242 PagesInternationalizationofthevaluechainintheautomotiveindustry 2. Configurationandcoordinationascrucialdimensionsinshapinginternational  valuechains 3. Bestpracticesandoptionsformanagingtheinternationalvaluechain Glocal value creation in the Volkswagen Group: Moving toward greater decentralization of production and development 1. TheVolkswagenGroup’snewglobalstrategy 2. TheconfigurationofproductionactivitieswithintheVolkswagenGroup 3. TheconfigurationofRDactivitieswithintheVolkswagenGroupRead MoreOnline Banking42019 Words   |  169 PagesContents Chapter–1– Introduction 0 Chapter–2– Internet Banking a new medium 7 Chapter--3 - International experience 19 Chapter -4 -The Indian Scenario 33 Chapter- 5- Types of risks associated with Internet banking 41 Chapter- 6- Technology And Security Standards For Internet - Banking 49 Chapter -7 - Legal Issues involved in Internet Banking 74 Chapter- 8- Regulatory and supervisory concerns 84 Chapter–9 - Recommendations 98 Annexure 1 111 Annexure 2 112 Annexure 3 113 Annexure 4 115 Read MoreEffective Performance Management With The Balanced Scorecard Technical Report19419 Words   |  78 PagesEffective Performance Management with the Balanced Scorecard Technical Report Writers: Liz Murby Stathis Gould CIMA CIMA CIMA gratefully acknowledges the contributions of Gary Ashworth, Philip Barden, Peter Brewer, Gavin Lawrie, Bernard Marr, Professor Bob Scapens, Dr Mostafa Jazayeri-Dezfuli, and Francesco Zingales. Contact: liz.murby@cimaglobal.com Copyright  © CIMA 2005 First published in 2005 by: The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants 26 Chapter Street London SW1P 4NP Printed

The Narrative Of Frederick Douglass - 1132 Words

The narrative begins with Douglass being oblivious to the identity of his father. This theme of Frederick Douglass being young and naà ¯ve is continued throughout the beginning. The idea of slaves being young and naà ¯ve is seen in almost all slave narratives. One of the ways slave owners kept slaves captive is through keeping the slaves ignorant. It is nearly impossible for a slave to escape slavery if they cannot read and write. Slave owners knew how impossible this was so they kept them ignorant, they kept them from learning. Since ignorance is what seems to hold slaves captive, one could easily conclude that knowledge is the key to freedom. Douglass figured this out at a young age. He starts learning from Mrs. Auld but eventually ends up†¦show more content†¦The most electrifying moments in Douglass’s narrative was seen when Douglass decides to fight Mr. Covey back. Douglass gets the courage to fight Mr. Covey because he had the magical root in his hand. In the Narrative, there are many instances where violence is being depicted but in most scenarios it is seen when the slave owners discipline the slave. The roles were never reversed until this moment. After this fight, Douglass longed to be free more than ever. Though this act of violence is not what Douglass wanted, it did help him stay motivated. This act of violence can be seen as an act of resistance against slavery. In Douglass’s narrative he clearly displays that he is extremely respectful. Vince Brewton says, â€Å"The self-representation of the Narrative, however, reveals how Douglass adapts his master s ways in order to deny the master s power.† (Brewton 1) Douglass utilized respect as a way to resist slavery. This is extremely clever because most slave masters assume that slaves respecting them is a result of their power over the slave but in this scenario it serves a different purpose. Douglass was respectful only because he did not want his master to know his r eal motives. He did not want his master to know that he longed for freedom. Between Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs, you can see the many acts of resistance in their narratives. Some of the acts of resistance are different while some of them are very different. Frederick

Rural vs. Urban Living Essay free essay sample

Did you know that teens that live in an Urban area get a better education academically than teens that live in Rural areas? This is due to the fact that the kids living in a larger city tend to get better grades simply because they apply their brain power more than people that live in a rural area. It was found strange, but rather interestingly enough proven a fact. When you live in a larger city there tends to be a lot more than just the normal things that you put use to in thought. You really do become smarter for some reason or the other. Urban areas are a lot better to grow up in compared to rural areas because of street smarts and many other socialistic endeavors. One of the benefits of living in an urban area is you get smarter when on the streets dealing with the types of people that you wouldn’t otherwise see in the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Rural vs. Urban Living Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are the homeless, muggers, dealers, people that you will know how to avoid instead of getting drawn into them or being tricked into doing stupid things for them. You might just see them as a normal person if you moved in from the country in to a big city. You would probably learn over a great deal of time the difference between them and your average person. Really, you might not understand all that could happen in the streets. The socialistic endeavors standpoint in living in an urban area are very important. You meet a lot of new people each day if you live in a big city. You could go to the coffee shop and meet someone that might become your best friend even. Whereas if you live in a country-side area, you will already know I very great majority of the people near you, and it would be hard to meet people that are new to you, there will be so very few of them. Another great plus is that you can live in a city where people are always up on trends and you will know what is going on, whereas if you lived in the country it might take a while longer for it to get to you, and you might not have the latest iPhone anywhere near you, but if you lived in the city you could walk down to the nearest Apple Store. In the city, you are exposed to a lot of great new things. The third great factor of living in the city is that you will be exposed to the real world. The real world is a lot scarier than you might think if you lived in a rural area. People might like to reassure you that it isn’t scary at all, but that would either have to be because they have never been there themselves, or they have lived there most of their life and got used to it. You really won’t get the full experience if you lived in a rural area. Close-knit areas will have a lot slower news or a lot more local news. You need a more versatile understanding. In conclusion, living in an urban area overall means you could be smarter than if you lived in a rural area. As interesting as it is, there seems to be very little of a known link between it. There are researchers studying the subject looking for answers on just how it helps. Street smarts overall might be the given factor on how you are able to have more intellect.

Corruption Claims and Other Scandals

Question: Discuss about the Corruption Claims and Other Scandals. Answer: Introduction The beautiful sporting world has over the years been rocked by corruption claims and other scandals that destroy the importance of sports. Sports involve billions and billions of dollars from stakeholders and sponsors. Sport has close ties with political and private bodies thus offering an avenue for corrupt activities (Bartram, 2014, p.74). Rich individuals who politically tend to bribe their way through results while making lots of money. There is no one major way of corruption, and these selfish individuals will use whichever way they know best to fulfill their selfish interests. Tennis sport has recently come under a lot of criticism and scrutiny for alleged corrupt activities. Tennis is a racket sport played in singles or doubles. In singles, an individual plays against a single opponent while in doubles, two teams of two players each face off at the same time (Perrotta, 2016). The purpose of this report is to investigate, determine and analyze the different forms of corruption practices that are rocking the beautiful game of Tennis. Sports corruption takes different forms. Players, referees, and key match officials take inducements to fix matches. Money laundering in the form of sponsorship deals and advertising arrangements add to the long list of corruption practices in the sporting world. In some instances, Governments and private companies rig bids for lucrative construction contracts (Nassif, 2014, p.123). Club owners, coaches and even sport governing bodies have been hit with major corruption scandals. A new form of corruption that has hit the sporting world is match fixing through betting firms. The bookies in collaboration with club owners, players, coaches and even match officials fix the result of various matches thereby making the bookies make a lot of money which they split amongst themselves (Teng et al, 2012, p.345). These practices are very unethical given that people compete to find a winner, fans go to sporting events to entertain themselves and offer support to their preferred teams. Sport unit es the world and thus it should not be an avenue for people to satisfy their selfish needs. Gambling corruption Another form of tennis corruption involves the Tennis Umpires and gamblers. Umpires have been courtsiding allowing gamblers to defraud bookmakers. In this latest scam involving Tennis officials, gamblers, and the Umpires make a lot of money in a matter of seconds without the knowledge of the players. The Guardian newspaper carried out investigations regarding this corruption in Futures Tour in 2016. Umpires are supposed to update the scoreboard after each point has been made. In this case, they delay updating the information by around a minute which gives gamblers a window to place bets already knowing the outcome in some cases it was alleged that Umpires went to a mile further by texting the gamblers directly even before updating the score on their tablets and computers. When umpires delay updating the scoreboard immediately, bookmakers and live-score sites retain the information they have thus no update on bets. These unscrupulous officials should not be left unmonitored, and the T ennis Integrity Unit should move swiftly in dealing with such corrupt activities. Another official by the name Kirill Parfenov was decertified for life in 2015 for engaging in misconduct activities. The Tennis Umpire was found guilty by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) for contacting another Umpire via Facebook in an attempt to manipulate the scoring of matches. Kirill was banned alongside Pitner, but the bans kept in secret. Kirills actions portray what is happening in secrecy in the Tennis sport, and the ITF should take legal action and discipline these individuals. An official who is found guilty of fixing matches and helping gamblers to defraud bookmakers should not only be handed a life ban but should also be given a jail sentence to act as an example and a warning to others (John, 2016). Doping corruption The tennis world has been hit with numerous doping issues involving star players such as Maria Sharapova and Fernando Romboli. Fernando Romboli was given a eight and a half month suspension for testing positive for banned substance in a drug test. Though the ITF is cracking the whip on these actions, the announcements of the bans are made even six months later after the player has probably served the ban. Maria Sharapova was banned for two years for doping. Marias urine tested positive for Meldonium, a drug banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency. It is clear that doping corruption is present in tennis and the games governing federation and all other stakeholders have to address the issue urgently to protect the transparency of the game. Match-Fixing corruption Other than lower ranked players fixing matches the stars who are ranked above the top 50 have also been found to deliberately lose matches to make money. Nick Lindahl was found guilty of fixing a match in Queensland and attempted to conceal his actions from the police. Lindahl was investigated by the Tennis Integrity Unit (TIU), NSW Police and the Victoria Police and found guilty (Reid et al, 2007, p.670). The investigations revealed that Lindahl had revealed to two acquaintances named Matthew Fox and Ryan Wolfenden of his intentions. Lindahl had planned to tank his match against Andrew Corbit knowing that Matthew and Ryan would use the information to place bets. The match was considered a minor tennis match for Lindahl who was the favorite to win. It is alleged that Lindahl had been paid by some gamblers or a bookie to fix the match and let the opponent win. He was later caught authorities intercepted communication between him and Fox instructing Fox to delete all the information re lated to the scam. Both Fox and Lindahl were arrested and prosecuted according to the law. Tennis has been hit with scandals involving corruptions and to stakeholders in the game, this is not an unusual thing. In 2007, Mark Davies, an influential figure in the betting world claimed that tennis has always been liable to corrupt activities. Davies who was the managing director of an online bookmaker called Betfair mad these claims while speaking to the Telegraph in an interview by Mark Hodgkinson. Davies had an agreement with tennis authorities to always raise the alarm when he identifies suspicious gambling patterns (Hosmer-Henner, 2010, p.33). Many players engage in corruption for different reasons best known to them. Davies strongly argues that match fixing has always gone undetected, and the courts have always left these criminals free by fining them peanuts forgetting they are coming back to spread the vice to other younger professionals. Davies disputes the idea that tennis and the sports world suddenly has corruption because of the rise in gambling patterns (Futterman et al, 2016). Even before gambling was widespread corruption was slowly poisoning the game under the watch of cartels and players. Mark Davies goes further to state that any all sport has been liable to corrupt activities especially tennis. For the very reason, that tennis matches have to produce clear results one way or another is the basis of corruption. Davies gives an example of how chariot races were rigged for financial rewards. It would not be true to say that a certain sport has no corruption while corruption in sport started ages ago with our fore fathers. In August 2007, Betfair refused to pay out on bets wagered on a Russian tennis player by the name Nikolay Davydenko. The match had shown irregular betting patterns signifying that it may have been fixed but without the bookmaker's knowledge (Rothenberg and Drape, 2016). Davies finished the interview by stating that the amount of money bet in the illegal market may have grown, and thus many individuals are getting tempted. To substantiate claims that tennis has always been liable to corruption, I looked at another article by Michael Mewshaw in the Daily Beast called Tennis has always been corrupt. Michael claims that the BBC and BuzzFeed News had reported that the Tennis Integrity Unit had kept secret files on some players purported of fixing matches. In the same year, eight of those players were competing in the Australian Open while the authorities had not taken any action or opened any proceedings against these individuals. Reports by The New York Times claimed that legal gambling operations took certain matches off the board due to suspicious betting patterns. The article also reveals that during the times the game was official amateur, some players took inducements, and the often the bagmen were responsible for enforcing the rules. Even after the game became professional some players demanded bribes to compete in tournaments. Betting corruption In the history of Tennis, top players have been paid to lose matches by lower ranked players, bookmakers, and gamblers. These players are paid large sums and then lose to their opponents while the gamblers make a fortune (Muspratt, 2016). In the case of Davydenkos match against Argullero, it was pretty obvious who the favorite to win the match was. It was in 2007 when then ranked number four in the world Nikolay Davydenko, played against the Argentine Martin Vassallo Arguello ranked far below and little known in the tennis world. Even before and at the start of the match, Davydenko was the favorite to win the match. As the game was going on, strange things seemed to be happening in the bookies in Russia and Italy. Davydenko had won the first set and was leading the second set, but he was still not the favorite. Some Russian and Italian gamblers continued to place huge bets of a sum of millions against Davydenko. This was very strange, and it was brought to the attention of the author ities. Betfair made all bets on the match void to the anger of the Russian gamblers who were sure of an Arguello win. A team of experienced investigators from Britain was hired to look into the match-fixing allegations and the suspicious betting. They spent almost a year, but their findings were never made public, but a whistleblower passed the findings to BuzzFeed News and the BBC News. The contents of the inquiry gave a lot of insight on what the investigations had hatched. The investigation team lead investigator wrote that in his whole life working in the betting industry he had never seen a match or a race at such unrealistic odds. He goes on to conclude that the suspected Russian account had adequate knowledge that Arguello would ultimately win the match (Antonopoulos, 2015, p.170). In the investigations, the two players denied knowing each other. One of the Russian gamblers was approached, but he did not give much information either. He ended up threatening a Betfair personnel in Moscow. In 2008 both players were cleared of any allegations, but the matter was still far away from being finishe d. Phone conversations between Arguello proved that the match had been fixed and that the two players had contacted each other severally. In one of the conversations Arguello tells the gambler that Davydenko does not intend to lose the match. Later he texts the gambler saying that everything was okay. He went to win the match at greater odds making the punters very productive. Other forms of corruption Appearance fees These appearance fees, occasionally exceeded the declared the prize money and so these stars lost on purpose but end up pocketing huge sums of money than the winners. Some players and stakeholders in the tennis sport have come out openly to state the hidden facts of corruption in Tennis. One Tennis great, Bud Collins stated that tennis had been born in dishonesty and had never outgrown it. Recently Mens tennis has legalized guarantees for players. Top players can now collect money upfront then decide how much they care about the tournament later. This is just corruption that has been legalized. Why should someone be paid just for appearing at a tournament? And why is it only the mens tennis? These questions need answers from the very men and women who legalized guarantees while we have entrusted to run our sport and make it as transparent as possible. Favoring by umpires Another form of corruption is conducted by the Referees and Umpires. The referees would swing their judgment towards another player openly favoring them. It may be an error from the referee, but an error after an error calls for attention. In the 2004 US Open tennis quarterfinals between Serena Williams and Jennifer Capriati the linesman and the umpire made error after error. The pair made one bad call after another as the Worlds best player watched in disbelief. One call after the other went for Capriati (Crouse, 2016). When a professional makes error after error it is no longer an error but match fixing or favoritism to the other player. How comes both the linesman and the umpire were making such errors given that they were refereeing such a big match at a critical stage in a huge tournament? The decisions were so egregious that they attracted the attention of US Open officials. The chair umpire was dismissed for the remainder of the tournament, and they apologized to Serena Willia ms for the errors (Wertheim, 2013, p.57). Tsonga, a professional Tennis player from France, came out strongly against erroneous line called by the linesman when he faced Rafael Nadal at the Sony Ericsson Open. Tsonga claimed that the umpires decisions and calls were all favoring Nadal. He further goes forward to state that he lost his concentration because he became too focused on watching the lines in case he needed to challenge a ruling. Tsonga claimed that he was right most of the time he complained and the umpire never overruled. Only in obvious cases could the umpire rule against. Tsonga claimed that maybe the Umpire feared Nadal and so worked hard to impress him because if Nadal did not like him, the umpire would never get a chance to umpire in bigger matches. His claims shed much light in how the stars in the game swing the rules in their favor. Why should a player have the ability to make a choice of who will umpire his or her match? This is unfair to another player who does not have the influence may continue gettin g bad results not because they are not good but because the system is working against them. Most prolific form of corruption in Tennis The most prolific form of corruption in tennis is gambling corruption. The gambling watchdog, ESSA that collaborates with TIU released some shocking figures regarding suspicious sporting activities. A total of up to 73 tennis matches had suspicious betting patterns according to betting operators in 2015 (Rothenberg, 2016). A total of 24 tennis matches were noticed by betting firms in 2015 to be too suspicious. The suspicious activities took place in five different continents with the highest number eight from turkey and seven in Tunisia and Argentina each. These figures are worrying given that those were the only once noticed but what about the others that went unnoticed. Likely emergent form of corruption in Tennis The likely emergent form of corruption in Tennis is match-fixing. Players are tempted to engage in match fixing to raise enough money to meet their needs. A staggering high number of tennis players earn little money that cannot meet their needs. Close to seven eighth of players earn very little money in competitions and tournaments. In most tournaments only the top twenty in tournaments get enough money that can sustain their lifestyle but the rest are forced to settle to minimal prize giving. It is thus easy to for lower ranked players to get influenced into fixing matches to get the extra amount to meet their needs. On top of the stars getting more money by securing better positions in tournaments, they are also given a lot of money as appearance fees. Efficacy of the cheating at gambling Australia developed the Efficacy of the Cheating at Gambling provision in a bid to protect its sports and to regulate gambling. Though the Cheating at Gambling provision is an improvement on previous statutory approaches, shortfalls remain. There is great concern from stakeholders and lovers of sport whether the provision will adequately deal with tanking corruption and inside knowledge that has over the years taken over the sport if not embraced by some sports. Sport and gambling generate a lot of revenues especially to the Australian Government and thus attract a lot of individuals who want to capitalize on certain situations. The provision has failed to cover corrupt punters who tend to affect a betting outcome for their bets to have a larger payout. The gambling industry is very sensitive, and such a provision should be advanced enough to cover such issues that affect sport especially Tennis. Some bookmakers are found to have blacklisted some athletes who they believe are often i nvolved in match fixing (Bloomberg, 2008,). These bookmakers will not put the matches these athletes are playing in as they may acquire many losses as a result of those events. The provision is an improvement though not yet powerful enough to bring transparency to betting and sport. Recommendations The International Tennis Federation which is the world governing body for tennis should develop proper policies to be used in governing the sport. Officials found engaging in corrupt activities should be given lifetime bans from the sports activities and open criminal charges against them in the court of law (Clark, 2016, p.30). Any member who has been given a ban should be announced publicly to avoid a repetition of Pitners case. ITF should collaborate more with governments to improve in their betting legislations and provisions to cover any form of betting mischief such as having inside knowledge. Players found guilty of tanking their matches should be banned immediately and their stripped of their titles. It is only by acting and punishing corrupt individuals that the sport will be transparent and not by denying allegations leveled against an individual. Linesmen and Umpires should have adequate training and provisions to guide their activities (Bruner, 2016). The introduction of technology is a positive step towards limiting errors made by Umpires. Finally, there should be no payment of guarantee fees to stars for attending tournaments. Conclusion Tennis is a charming game that has a huge fan base worldwide. It is rather very unfortunate that the game is rocked by corruption and bribery allegations to unscrupulous individuals. The governing body ITF should impose its judgment swiftly to make the game transparent enough. Provisions such as Cheating at Gambling should be developed for the world to guide and control the gambling activities. 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