Investigation of Network Security Requirements and Their...

Overview Networks have become a vital part of almost every organization changing the way that business is conducted from day to day. In the early days of the computer era business men and women have had to use standalone machines that were partially interconnected or not interconnected at all. Since then computing has gone through various changes through a number of decades which has led to the complete integration of various computing devices and now professionals are able to share hardware and software resources without difficult which has led to the reduction of business costs and a higher level of productivity. For example instead of having to buy a printer for every department or office, an organization can simply use one networked printer which everyone in the organization has complete access to. Another cost reduction example is the ability for an organization to install software such as Microsoft project on a server and therefore, enabling every one that has access to the server to us e the resource. This saves the organization expenses as they don’t have to buy separate licenses for every user’s computer. However, this great development has led to a number of security threats and challenges in the organization from outsiders through intrusions, once hackers identify a loop hole in the network they can be able to attack a firm and steal data to be used for of criminal activities including cyber vandalism, revealing trade secrets, industrial espionage etc. The goodShow MoreRelatedThe Application Of A Self Organizing Network ( Son )8393 Words   |  34 PagesAbstract A Self-Organizing Network (SON) is a compilation of functions (or actions) for the automatic design of communication nodes for optimized performance. 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The Narrative Of Frederick Douglass - 1132 Words

The narrative begins with Douglass being oblivious to the identity of his father. This theme of Frederick Douglass being young and naà ¯ve is continued throughout the beginning. The idea of slaves being young and naà ¯ve is seen in almost all slave narratives. One of the ways slave owners kept slaves captive is through keeping the slaves ignorant. It is nearly impossible for a slave to escape slavery if they cannot read and write. Slave owners knew how impossible this was so they kept them ignorant, they kept them from learning. Since ignorance is what seems to hold slaves captive, one could easily conclude that knowledge is the key to freedom. Douglass figured this out at a young age. He starts learning from Mrs. Auld but eventually ends up†¦show more content†¦The most electrifying moments in Douglass’s narrative was seen when Douglass decides to fight Mr. Covey back. Douglass gets the courage to fight Mr. Covey because he had the magical root in his hand. In the Narrative, there are many instances where violence is being depicted but in most scenarios it is seen when the slave owners discipline the slave. The roles were never reversed until this moment. After this fight, Douglass longed to be free more than ever. Though this act of violence is not what Douglass wanted, it did help him stay motivated. This act of violence can be seen as an act of resistance against slavery. In Douglass’s narrative he clearly displays that he is extremely respectful. Vince Brewton says, â€Å"The self-representation of the Narrative, however, reveals how Douglass adapts his master s ways in order to deny the master s power.† (Brewton 1) Douglass utilized respect as a way to resist slavery. This is extremely clever because most slave masters assume that slaves respecting them is a result of their power over the slave but in this scenario it serves a different purpose. Douglass was respectful only because he did not want his master to know his r eal motives. He did not want his master to know that he longed for freedom. Between Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs, you can see the many acts of resistance in their narratives. Some of the acts of resistance are different while some of them are very different. Frederick

Rural vs. Urban Living Essay free essay sample

Did you know that teens that live in an Urban area get a better education academically than teens that live in Rural areas? This is due to the fact that the kids living in a larger city tend to get better grades simply because they apply their brain power more than people that live in a rural area. It was found strange, but rather interestingly enough proven a fact. When you live in a larger city there tends to be a lot more than just the normal things that you put use to in thought. You really do become smarter for some reason or the other. Urban areas are a lot better to grow up in compared to rural areas because of street smarts and many other socialistic endeavors. One of the benefits of living in an urban area is you get smarter when on the streets dealing with the types of people that you wouldn’t otherwise see in the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Rural vs. Urban Living Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are the homeless, muggers, dealers, people that you will know how to avoid instead of getting drawn into them or being tricked into doing stupid things for them. You might just see them as a normal person if you moved in from the country in to a big city. You would probably learn over a great deal of time the difference between them and your average person. Really, you might not understand all that could happen in the streets. The socialistic endeavors standpoint in living in an urban area are very important. You meet a lot of new people each day if you live in a big city. You could go to the coffee shop and meet someone that might become your best friend even. Whereas if you live in a country-side area, you will already know I very great majority of the people near you, and it would be hard to meet people that are new to you, there will be so very few of them. Another great plus is that you can live in a city where people are always up on trends and you will know what is going on, whereas if you lived in the country it might take a while longer for it to get to you, and you might not have the latest iPhone anywhere near you, but if you lived in the city you could walk down to the nearest Apple Store. In the city, you are exposed to a lot of great new things. The third great factor of living in the city is that you will be exposed to the real world. The real world is a lot scarier than you might think if you lived in a rural area. People might like to reassure you that it isn’t scary at all, but that would either have to be because they have never been there themselves, or they have lived there most of their life and got used to it. You really won’t get the full experience if you lived in a rural area. Close-knit areas will have a lot slower news or a lot more local news. You need a more versatile understanding. In conclusion, living in an urban area overall means you could be smarter than if you lived in a rural area. As interesting as it is, there seems to be very little of a known link between it. There are researchers studying the subject looking for answers on just how it helps. Street smarts overall might be the given factor on how you are able to have more intellect.

Corruption Claims and Other Scandals

Question: Discuss about the Corruption Claims and Other Scandals. Answer: Introduction The beautiful sporting world has over the years been rocked by corruption claims and other scandals that destroy the importance of sports. Sports involve billions and billions of dollars from stakeholders and sponsors. Sport has close ties with political and private bodies thus offering an avenue for corrupt activities (Bartram, 2014, p.74). Rich individuals who politically tend to bribe their way through results while making lots of money. There is no one major way of corruption, and these selfish individuals will use whichever way they know best to fulfill their selfish interests. Tennis sport has recently come under a lot of criticism and scrutiny for alleged corrupt activities. Tennis is a racket sport played in singles or doubles. In singles, an individual plays against a single opponent while in doubles, two teams of two players each face off at the same time (Perrotta, 2016). The purpose of this report is to investigate, determine and analyze the different forms of corruption practices that are rocking the beautiful game of Tennis. Sports corruption takes different forms. Players, referees, and key match officials take inducements to fix matches. Money laundering in the form of sponsorship deals and advertising arrangements add to the long list of corruption practices in the sporting world. In some instances, Governments and private companies rig bids for lucrative construction contracts (Nassif, 2014, p.123). Club owners, coaches and even sport governing bodies have been hit with major corruption scandals. A new form of corruption that has hit the sporting world is match fixing through betting firms. The bookies in collaboration with club owners, players, coaches and even match officials fix the result of various matches thereby making the bookies make a lot of money which they split amongst themselves (Teng et al, 2012, p.345). These practices are very unethical given that people compete to find a winner, fans go to sporting events to entertain themselves and offer support to their preferred teams. Sport unit es the world and thus it should not be an avenue for people to satisfy their selfish needs. Gambling corruption Another form of tennis corruption involves the Tennis Umpires and gamblers. Umpires have been courtsiding allowing gamblers to defraud bookmakers. In this latest scam involving Tennis officials, gamblers, and the Umpires make a lot of money in a matter of seconds without the knowledge of the players. The Guardian newspaper carried out investigations regarding this corruption in Futures Tour in 2016. Umpires are supposed to update the scoreboard after each point has been made. In this case, they delay updating the information by around a minute which gives gamblers a window to place bets already knowing the outcome in some cases it was alleged that Umpires went to a mile further by texting the gamblers directly even before updating the score on their tablets and computers. When umpires delay updating the scoreboard immediately, bookmakers and live-score sites retain the information they have thus no update on bets. These unscrupulous officials should not be left unmonitored, and the T ennis Integrity Unit should move swiftly in dealing with such corrupt activities. Another official by the name Kirill Parfenov was decertified for life in 2015 for engaging in misconduct activities. The Tennis Umpire was found guilty by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) for contacting another Umpire via Facebook in an attempt to manipulate the scoring of matches. Kirill was banned alongside Pitner, but the bans kept in secret. Kirills actions portray what is happening in secrecy in the Tennis sport, and the ITF should take legal action and discipline these individuals. An official who is found guilty of fixing matches and helping gamblers to defraud bookmakers should not only be handed a life ban but should also be given a jail sentence to act as an example and a warning to others (John, 2016). Doping corruption The tennis world has been hit with numerous doping issues involving star players such as Maria Sharapova and Fernando Romboli. Fernando Romboli was given a eight and a half month suspension for testing positive for banned substance in a drug test. Though the ITF is cracking the whip on these actions, the announcements of the bans are made even six months later after the player has probably served the ban. Maria Sharapova was banned for two years for doping. Marias urine tested positive for Meldonium, a drug banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency. It is clear that doping corruption is present in tennis and the games governing federation and all other stakeholders have to address the issue urgently to protect the transparency of the game. Match-Fixing corruption Other than lower ranked players fixing matches the stars who are ranked above the top 50 have also been found to deliberately lose matches to make money. Nick Lindahl was found guilty of fixing a match in Queensland and attempted to conceal his actions from the police. Lindahl was investigated by the Tennis Integrity Unit (TIU), NSW Police and the Victoria Police and found guilty (Reid et al, 2007, p.670). The investigations revealed that Lindahl had revealed to two acquaintances named Matthew Fox and Ryan Wolfenden of his intentions. Lindahl had planned to tank his match against Andrew Corbit knowing that Matthew and Ryan would use the information to place bets. The match was considered a minor tennis match for Lindahl who was the favorite to win. It is alleged that Lindahl had been paid by some gamblers or a bookie to fix the match and let the opponent win. He was later caught authorities intercepted communication between him and Fox instructing Fox to delete all the information re lated to the scam. Both Fox and Lindahl were arrested and prosecuted according to the law. Tennis has been hit with scandals involving corruptions and to stakeholders in the game, this is not an unusual thing. In 2007, Mark Davies, an influential figure in the betting world claimed that tennis has always been liable to corrupt activities. Davies who was the managing director of an online bookmaker called Betfair mad these claims while speaking to the Telegraph in an interview by Mark Hodgkinson. Davies had an agreement with tennis authorities to always raise the alarm when he identifies suspicious gambling patterns (Hosmer-Henner, 2010, p.33). Many players engage in corruption for different reasons best known to them. Davies strongly argues that match fixing has always gone undetected, and the courts have always left these criminals free by fining them peanuts forgetting they are coming back to spread the vice to other younger professionals. Davies disputes the idea that tennis and the sports world suddenly has corruption because of the rise in gambling patterns (Futterman et al, 2016). Even before gambling was widespread corruption was slowly poisoning the game under the watch of cartels and players. Mark Davies goes further to state that any all sport has been liable to corrupt activities especially tennis. For the very reason, that tennis matches have to produce clear results one way or another is the basis of corruption. Davies gives an example of how chariot races were rigged for financial rewards. It would not be true to say that a certain sport has no corruption while corruption in sport started ages ago with our fore fathers. In August 2007, Betfair refused to pay out on bets wagered on a Russian tennis player by the name Nikolay Davydenko. The match had shown irregular betting patterns signifying that it may have been fixed but without the bookmaker's knowledge (Rothenberg and Drape, 2016). Davies finished the interview by stating that the amount of money bet in the illegal market may have grown, and thus many individuals are getting tempted. To substantiate claims that tennis has always been liable to corruption, I looked at another article by Michael Mewshaw in the Daily Beast called Tennis has always been corrupt. Michael claims that the BBC and BuzzFeed News had reported that the Tennis Integrity Unit had kept secret files on some players purported of fixing matches. In the same year, eight of those players were competing in the Australian Open while the authorities had not taken any action or opened any proceedings against these individuals. Reports by The New York Times claimed that legal gambling operations took certain matches off the board due to suspicious betting patterns. The article also reveals that during the times the game was official amateur, some players took inducements, and the often the bagmen were responsible for enforcing the rules. Even after the game became professional some players demanded bribes to compete in tournaments. Betting corruption In the history of Tennis, top players have been paid to lose matches by lower ranked players, bookmakers, and gamblers. These players are paid large sums and then lose to their opponents while the gamblers make a fortune (Muspratt, 2016). In the case of Davydenkos match against Argullero, it was pretty obvious who the favorite to win the match was. It was in 2007 when then ranked number four in the world Nikolay Davydenko, played against the Argentine Martin Vassallo Arguello ranked far below and little known in the tennis world. Even before and at the start of the match, Davydenko was the favorite to win the match. As the game was going on, strange things seemed to be happening in the bookies in Russia and Italy. Davydenko had won the first set and was leading the second set, but he was still not the favorite. Some Russian and Italian gamblers continued to place huge bets of a sum of millions against Davydenko. This was very strange, and it was brought to the attention of the author ities. Betfair made all bets on the match void to the anger of the Russian gamblers who were sure of an Arguello win. A team of experienced investigators from Britain was hired to look into the match-fixing allegations and the suspicious betting. They spent almost a year, but their findings were never made public, but a whistleblower passed the findings to BuzzFeed News and the BBC News. The contents of the inquiry gave a lot of insight on what the investigations had hatched. The investigation team lead investigator wrote that in his whole life working in the betting industry he had never seen a match or a race at such unrealistic odds. He goes on to conclude that the suspected Russian account had adequate knowledge that Arguello would ultimately win the match (Antonopoulos, 2015, p.170). In the investigations, the two players denied knowing each other. One of the Russian gamblers was approached, but he did not give much information either. He ended up threatening a Betfair personnel in Moscow. In 2008 both players were cleared of any allegations, but the matter was still far away from being finishe d. Phone conversations between Arguello proved that the match had been fixed and that the two players had contacted each other severally. In one of the conversations Arguello tells the gambler that Davydenko does not intend to lose the match. Later he texts the gambler saying that everything was okay. He went to win the match at greater odds making the punters very productive. Other forms of corruption Appearance fees These appearance fees, occasionally exceeded the declared the prize money and so these stars lost on purpose but end up pocketing huge sums of money than the winners. Some players and stakeholders in the tennis sport have come out openly to state the hidden facts of corruption in Tennis. One Tennis great, Bud Collins stated that tennis had been born in dishonesty and had never outgrown it. Recently Mens tennis has legalized guarantees for players. Top players can now collect money upfront then decide how much they care about the tournament later. This is just corruption that has been legalized. Why should someone be paid just for appearing at a tournament? And why is it only the mens tennis? These questions need answers from the very men and women who legalized guarantees while we have entrusted to run our sport and make it as transparent as possible. Favoring by umpires Another form of corruption is conducted by the Referees and Umpires. The referees would swing their judgment towards another player openly favoring them. It may be an error from the referee, but an error after an error calls for attention. In the 2004 US Open tennis quarterfinals between Serena Williams and Jennifer Capriati the linesman and the umpire made error after error. The pair made one bad call after another as the Worlds best player watched in disbelief. One call after the other went for Capriati (Crouse, 2016). When a professional makes error after error it is no longer an error but match fixing or favoritism to the other player. How comes both the linesman and the umpire were making such errors given that they were refereeing such a big match at a critical stage in a huge tournament? The decisions were so egregious that they attracted the attention of US Open officials. The chair umpire was dismissed for the remainder of the tournament, and they apologized to Serena Willia ms for the errors (Wertheim, 2013, p.57). Tsonga, a professional Tennis player from France, came out strongly against erroneous line called by the linesman when he faced Rafael Nadal at the Sony Ericsson Open. Tsonga claimed that the umpires decisions and calls were all favoring Nadal. He further goes forward to state that he lost his concentration because he became too focused on watching the lines in case he needed to challenge a ruling. Tsonga claimed that he was right most of the time he complained and the umpire never overruled. Only in obvious cases could the umpire rule against. Tsonga claimed that maybe the Umpire feared Nadal and so worked hard to impress him because if Nadal did not like him, the umpire would never get a chance to umpire in bigger matches. His claims shed much light in how the stars in the game swing the rules in their favor. Why should a player have the ability to make a choice of who will umpire his or her match? This is unfair to another player who does not have the influence may continue gettin g bad results not because they are not good but because the system is working against them. Most prolific form of corruption in Tennis The most prolific form of corruption in tennis is gambling corruption. The gambling watchdog, ESSA that collaborates with TIU released some shocking figures regarding suspicious sporting activities. A total of up to 73 tennis matches had suspicious betting patterns according to betting operators in 2015 (Rothenberg, 2016). A total of 24 tennis matches were noticed by betting firms in 2015 to be too suspicious. The suspicious activities took place in five different continents with the highest number eight from turkey and seven in Tunisia and Argentina each. These figures are worrying given that those were the only once noticed but what about the others that went unnoticed. Likely emergent form of corruption in Tennis The likely emergent form of corruption in Tennis is match-fixing. Players are tempted to engage in match fixing to raise enough money to meet their needs. A staggering high number of tennis players earn little money that cannot meet their needs. Close to seven eighth of players earn very little money in competitions and tournaments. In most tournaments only the top twenty in tournaments get enough money that can sustain their lifestyle but the rest are forced to settle to minimal prize giving. It is thus easy to for lower ranked players to get influenced into fixing matches to get the extra amount to meet their needs. On top of the stars getting more money by securing better positions in tournaments, they are also given a lot of money as appearance fees. Efficacy of the cheating at gambling Australia developed the Efficacy of the Cheating at Gambling provision in a bid to protect its sports and to regulate gambling. Though the Cheating at Gambling provision is an improvement on previous statutory approaches, shortfalls remain. There is great concern from stakeholders and lovers of sport whether the provision will adequately deal with tanking corruption and inside knowledge that has over the years taken over the sport if not embraced by some sports. Sport and gambling generate a lot of revenues especially to the Australian Government and thus attract a lot of individuals who want to capitalize on certain situations. The provision has failed to cover corrupt punters who tend to affect a betting outcome for their bets to have a larger payout. The gambling industry is very sensitive, and such a provision should be advanced enough to cover such issues that affect sport especially Tennis. Some bookmakers are found to have blacklisted some athletes who they believe are often i nvolved in match fixing (Bloomberg, 2008,). These bookmakers will not put the matches these athletes are playing in as they may acquire many losses as a result of those events. The provision is an improvement though not yet powerful enough to bring transparency to betting and sport. Recommendations The International Tennis Federation which is the world governing body for tennis should develop proper policies to be used in governing the sport. Officials found engaging in corrupt activities should be given lifetime bans from the sports activities and open criminal charges against them in the court of law (Clark, 2016, p.30). Any member who has been given a ban should be announced publicly to avoid a repetition of Pitners case. ITF should collaborate more with governments to improve in their betting legislations and provisions to cover any form of betting mischief such as having inside knowledge. Players found guilty of tanking their matches should be banned immediately and their stripped of their titles. It is only by acting and punishing corrupt individuals that the sport will be transparent and not by denying allegations leveled against an individual. Linesmen and Umpires should have adequate training and provisions to guide their activities (Bruner, 2016). The introduction of technology is a positive step towards limiting errors made by Umpires. Finally, there should be no payment of guarantee fees to stars for attending tournaments. Conclusion Tennis is a charming game that has a huge fan base worldwide. It is rather very unfortunate that the game is rocked by corruption and bribery allegations to unscrupulous individuals. The governing body ITF should impose its judgment swiftly to make the game transparent enough. Provisions such as Cheating at Gambling should be developed for the world to guide and control the gambling activities. 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Nick, M, @NickMcCarvel, Special for USA TODAY, S n.d., 'Mixed doubles pair surprised about match-fixing report',USA Today, Paulden, T 2016, 'Smashing the racket',Significance, 13, 3, pp. 16-21, Perrotta, T 2016, 'Tennis Season Opens to Accusations of Match Fixing',Wall Street Journal - Online Edition, 19 January Reid, M, Crespo, M, Santilli, L, Miley, D, Dimmock, J 2007, 'The importance of the International Tennis Federation's junior boys' circuit in the development of professional tennis players',Journal of Sports Sciences, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 667-672 Rothenberg B, GLANZ, J 2016, 'Obscure Tennis Match Draws Big Bets, and Then Suspicion.Rothenberg, B, Drape, J 2016, 'Officials Investigating Odd Betting Patterns During Early Match',New York Times, 8 September Rothenberg, B, Pianigiani, G 2016, 'Three Players Barred for Match Fixing Amid Criticism of Sports Integrity Unit',New York Times, 25 July Teng, C, Tseng, F, Chen, Y, Wu, S 2012, 'Online gaming misbehaviours and their adverse impact on other gamers',Online Information Review, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 342-358. Van Bloem, PS, Dobie, M 1949, 'What the Tennis Stars Did to Me',Saturday Evening Post, vol. 222, no. 10, pp. 25-77. Wertheim, LJ 2013, 'Aussie Rules TENNIS',Sports Illustrated, 118, 3, pp. 56-59

King Lear Essays (740 words) - King Lear, Arts, Literature

King Lear In a writing of Shakespeare's play "King Lear", the main character is King Lear who starts off as a respected and powerful king. As the story progresses the king loses his power because of his own stupidity and blindness. The tragedy of this play is shown through the daughters of the king, the fool, and finally when Lear's sanity is tested. At the beginning of the play, King Lear is powerful and harsh. He decides he doesn't want to be king anymore, and so he asks his daughters, Reagan, Goneril, and Cordelia to tell him how much they love him. He does this so he may give them a dowry to be married with. First, Goneril begins to tell her father how much she adores him and would never disrespect him, this is a lie. Next, is the daughter Reagan, she does the same as her sister and lies to the king saying that she loves him with all of her heart. Finally, Cordelia tells her father that she could not tell him how much she loves him, because she had no words. The king was very upset with Cordelia and because of his madness towards Cordelia thinking that she did not love him as much as her other sisters, he divided the land in two and gave Reagan and Goneril each half. Cordelia on the other hand received nothing as her dowry and in turn no none would marry her except the King of France. Giving the land to the two daughters was the first of Lear's mistakes, for the daughters did not love him as much as Cordelia did, but they wished to have his riches. When Goneril and Reagan are in power they try to make Lear appear to be incompetent. They refer to him as "The Idle Old Man" in front of everyone and start to make even Lear think less of himself. Although the two sisters do this they also realize that Lear still holds a great deal of power in their areas, so they decided something must be done about it. The "loving" daughters command Lear to let go fifty of his one hundred servicemen, saying that they will not pay for it and that it is unnecessary. Lear then starts to worry that if Goneril isn't happy then she in turn will make him unhappy and he agrees to let them go. Next, the fool is introduced. Shakespeare does this to show the deterioration of Lear that has taken place since the beginning of the play. The Fool is his name, however, he is a wise man. He is a tutor to Lear and tries to slow him down so that he will not lose his mind. However, in the process the fool makes subtle hints to Lear that he has made some bad decisions. These hints do not help Lear, they just provoke more thinking about what he might have done to himself by giving away his kingdom. After Lear leaves Gonerils castle, the former king travels to his other daughter, Reagan's castle. When he arrives there he discovers that Reagan and her husband have left. Little does he know that they had found out form Goneril that he was coming and they didn't want for him to stay at their castle. He later travels to Gloucester castle and learns there that Reagan and Goneril are not fighting as they led him to believe. This makes Lear very upset, and Reagan orders him to be kicked out of the castle. Outside of the castle there is a very bad thunder storm, this makes Lear believe that the elements have joined forces with his daughters to try and defeat him. He begins to yell at the storm in a fit a of anger. From this scene it is quite apparent that Lear had nearly lost his mind. In conclusion, the reader is shown how Lear went from being a respected and powerful king to a regular man who seems to have lost all of his family. The two people that he trusted most were the same people, that in the end were the cause of his down fall. And the people he did not trust were the ones

Integrated Essay TOEFL Samples - Is it Worth Your Time to Review?

Integrated Essay TOEFL Samples - Is it Worth Your Time to Review?You've probably already read a lot of TOEFL materials, but some folks still haven't fully read TOEFL sample questions. The question is this: Is it worth your time to review the materials and reread the sample questions? Some people will say yes and others will say no. It depends on the circumstances and situation of the TOEFL students.There are many situations where a TOEFL test is worth your time. Some of them include: University applications. Many schools offer one-on-one practice exams in order to test a student's knowledge and writing skills in a format that is more familiar to them. There are also various one-on-one lessons where an instructor takes on a full-length test with students of all levels and gives them different, specific solutions for certain questions.English as a Second Language (ESL) courses. These courses usually have a small group of students who take multiple tests over a period of several weeks o r even months. The students usually meet in small groups and take the tests at the end of each semester. They are testing their students' writing and listening comprehension skills.In a business setting, they often require students to write essays or reports from real scenarios or interviews. For example, the company might give a short outline for an interview and then ask for possible responses. In the discussion section, the businessperson would be quizzed on what he or she has said and given specific answers for each question.In other times teachers may simply want to test their students' knowledge of language. Even in the most basic English classes, there are many instances where a student needs to read a passage and recognize how verbs are used. These types of tests may be less about writing skills and more about speaking and reading fluency.It is also common for ESL students to study literature and read aloud passages in English. In this case, students are required to know a f ew words and how to use them properly. It isn't possible to use all the vocabulary in every lesson, so the teacher may want to assess how well students can read from a sentence or paragraph and interpret it in a meaningful way.Educational agencies sometimes do similar exercises on a smaller scale. For example, a government agency might send a test in the mail or issue a brochure of some sort. The goal is to see if the student really knows the information provided and how it relates to them.Based on the two examples above, I think it is worth the time to review some of the TOEFL samples and find out if there is anything in particular that caught your eye. You might find that you have a problem with specific vocabulary or that you need to read from a longer passage to understand it. Regardless, reviewing the material and rereading the sample questions will help you understand whether or not it is a good test for you to take.

The Us President Is Effectively Unrestrained Essays

The Us President Is Effectively Unrestrained Essays The Us President Is Effectively Unrestrained Essay The Us President Is Effectively Unrestrained Essay â€Å"The US President is effectively unrestrained in the exercise of political power within the US system of government†. How far do you agree with this statement? (30 marks) The power of the President has evolved since the constitution was ratified in 1788. It can be said that the President enjoys a more exercised form of power as American politics has developed and adapted but they are not â€Å"effectively unrestrained† due to the many checks are balances that a President must regard when asserting their power. The constitution sets out formal powers of the President in article II. These include chief administrator, commander-in-chief, chief lawmaker and head of state. However, there has been a growth of informal powers that include chief legislator, party leader, world leader and chief diplomat. It is with these informal powers that President is able to have more freedom with exercising and asserting their power. Following this is Neustadt’s theory of â€Å"persuader in chief†. This can be expressed through the State of Union address. On the 25th January 2011, Barack Obama gave his state of the union address focusing on his views on the issues in America. Furthermore, Barack Obama gave a speech to Congress in September 2011 about his proposed American Jobs Act. This supports the â€Å"persuader in chief† theory because the speech was televised to the American nation and therefore Obama was not only trying to appeal to Congress but also the American public. This is significant in exercising power because if Obama can win over the public then Congress would be more likely to pass the act. Aaron Wildavsky came up with the â€Å"two presidencies† thesis that claimed there are two faces of the President; domestic and foreign. When it comes to foreign policy, it can be said that the President enjoys a large amount of exercised power which may not be restrained. This is because in times of crisis such as war or terrorist attacks, the President can â€Å"wrap himself in the flag† and have emergency power on these extraordinary occasions because the President will have the nation’s best interests at heart. Congress is too willing to allow the President to make decisions when it seems they may be unpopular because they are not willing to take blame. As Truman proclaimed â€Å"the buck stops here† implying that it is the President who is scrutinized by the public when policies become unpopular. This can be said for Lyndon Johnson who, despite congress passing the Golf on Tonkin resolution in 1964 which was essentially a blank cheque for the war in Vietnam, received thorough unpopularity having rhymes such as â€Å"hey, hey, LBJ how many kids have you killed today? † chanted at him. However, Congress was more than willing to provide Johnson with whatever was required to win the war. Furthermore, the same can be said for George W Bush and the War on Terror following the 9/11 attack. This plays with the idea that the President is a â€Å"world leader† and can be seen as the world’s police officer as they are the ones making critical decisions even when it comes to situations that can affect politics globally. The Supreme Court, which is supposed to be a faction to the checks and balances of the President, have also increased the President’s unrestrained power to an extent because they have failed to make decisions on critical areas like Vietnam and even the New Deal Industrial Recovery Act under Roosevelt. This is significant because if the Supreme Court isn’t participating in decision making then they are not effectively restraining the President because they are having no input towards the President’s actions. Furthermore, we have the increased use of veto. This can be interpreted in two ways. Some may say that the veto is detrimental to a President’s power because they shouldn’t have to use this act as a last resort because Congress should want to cooperate with the President and not force him/her to use a veto. However some may see a veto as an exacerbating power because they are willing to assert their authority. Early presidents only used the veto when they felt legislation was unconstitutional. Since Nixon, the practice of the veto has been widely expanded. In 1974, Gerald Ford used a veto to pass The Freedom of Information Act. From this we see an emergence of Schlesinger’s â€Å"imperial Presidency† thesis. Arthur Schlesinger recounts the rise of the presidency as it grew into the imperial, powerful position that it is today. His writing reflects a belief that the presidency is becoming too powerful and that very few people are making a real effort to stop it. He analyzes the back and forth struggle for power between Congress and the Presidency. However, there are formal checks and balances on the President that do try to restrain their exercised power, the first being the Constitution. The U. S. Constitution divides the powers of government into three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Generally speaking, the legislative branch, Congress, makes the nations laws. The executive branch enforces the laws through the president and various executive offices. The judicial branch, made up of the Supreme Court and lower federal courts, decides cases that arise under the laws. This division of government is called the separation of powers. The purpose of the separation of powers is to prevent tyranny, which is arbitrary (random) or unfair government action that can result when one person has all the power to make, enforce, and interpret the laws. In addition to the broad separation of powers into three branches, the Constitution keeps the legislative and executive branches separate with various specific provisions. Article I, Section 6, prevents members of Congress from serving as officers of the government in the executive branch. Article I, Section 5, says each chamber of Congress, namely the House of Representatives and the Senate, is the sole judge of who wins congressional elections and who is qualified to serve there. The same part of the Constitution gives the House and Senate sole authority to make their rules of operation. Furthermore, certain constitutional amendments have been made to ensure that the President does not exercise too much power. In 1951, the 22nd amendment was made to the constitution that declared that no President could serve longer than two terms. This is significant in controlling the President because if a were President were to be in power for a long amount of time then complacency might take affect and cause the President to take a more dictatorship form of government. Congress is the most consistent form of restraint on the President. In order for a bill to be passed, Congress must have a simple majority in both chambers. However, as the President is not a part of the legislature, unlike the UK counterpart the Prime Minister, the President must solely rely on persuading the votes in Congress. Whereas in the UK the Prime Minister enjoys a more relaxed approached to government with the fusion of powers concept because he/she is the leader of the majority party in Parliament. Furthermore, Congress also has the power to make a President a â€Å"lame duck†. After the 2006 midterm elections George W Bush was a lame duck and similarly with Barack Obama in 2010 when the Republicans won the majority of seats in the House of Representatives with 255 to 178. This meant that it would be harder for bills that he favoured to pass through Congress when his party did not hold the majority. Although we said that the â€Å"two presidencies† thesis may prove that power is unrestrained, it can also convey how power is restrained when it comes to domestic policy. This is because Congress is a collective body that is elected to represent the people and the chances of their re-election is dependant to the success of their domestic policies as the people they represent are more concerned with these matters. Therefore, Congress will be more critical of bills passed if they relate to domestic policy as they are looking after â€Å"the folks back home† which makes it incredibly hard for the President to pass through any legislation. Professor Filner said that â€Å"President and congress are like two halves of a bank note, each useless without the other†. This is significant because although Congress works to balance the President’s power, cooperation is a must in order to achieve good results. Lastly, we have the judiciary and its role of ensuring the President does not exert too much power. Judicial review is the power of the courts to review laws, treaties, policies or executive orders relevant to cases before the court and nullify (overturn) those that are found unconstitutional. Judicial Review is not an American invention, but a standard part of British common law that became part of the legal process in the United States. The first recorded use under the US Constitution was in 1792, when the circuit courts found an act of Congress related to military veterans unconstitutional. United States v. Nixon, 418 U. S. 1974), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision. It was a unanimous 8-0 ruling involving President Richard Nixon and was important to the late stages of the Watergate scandal. It is considered a crucial precedent limiting the power of any U. S. president. Similar to this is the use of impeachment to reign in a President. This is when an investigation is taken out to delve into the actions of a President. Both Nixon and Clinton faced impeachment, Ni xon was issued a Presidential pardon and Clinton who was actually impeached was acquitted. Impeachment can be seen as a form of deterrence for any President because results could be imprisonment. To conclude, there are times when the President is restrained because that is how the Founding Fathers intended the President to be. However, American politics has evolved and there are circumstances to which a President is allowed to exercise an increased amount of power because part of his/her â€Å"head of state role† includes people turning to them for answers and decisions and therefore emergency powers need to be at hand in order for them to be able to do this. However, they are not effectively unrestrained because there are always collective bodies there monitoring the President’s decisions. Even if the policies are dealing with foreign affairs, the media are always around documenting and reporting back to the republic and their opinions can be seen as restraining to a President much like Lyndon Johnson and the Vietnam War.